Colored shulkers are in Java Minecraft but they don't spawn or generate naturally. This plugin makes it so that End Cities will generate randomly colored shulkers, spawn eggs and spawners filled with spawn eggs will spawn randomly colored shulkers, and you can even dye shulkers!
There are 17 variants in all, including all 16 of the core colors in Minecraft plus the default, uncolored, purpur looking default shulker.
You can dye and redye shulkers using a dye in your hand. You can also remove the color from a shulker using a sponge or wet sponge. In each of these cases, the dye or sponge will be used up and gone.